The Maintenance of Memory

An archives is a repository for documents that have “enduring value.”[1] Unlike a records center, which holds documents for a certain amount of time and then discards them, an archives keeps documents forever. It exists to “collect, organize, and make accessible manuscript and archival records for the purpose of scholarly research.”[2] Archives also play the role of an institutional scrapbook, a place to record memories.

To achieve all these things, archivists must be able to preserve documents and artifacts from the ravages of time. Preservation is “an integral part of ongoing archival…functions.”[3] Many activities can be included under the heading “preservation”; storage, handling, duplication, reformatting, environment, security, preparedness for disasters, and conservation treatment are a few examples.[4] The vast majority of records needing preservation in archives are paper documents. Much of the paper produced in the 19^th and 20^th centuries is extremely acidic and is thus especially vulnerable to decay.[5] The best way to store this acidic paper is in neutral – that is, with a pH of 7 - 8.5 – acid-free folders and boxes.[6] Storing each document in its own folder helps, too. If the original document is especially frail, making a photocopy onto special acid-free paper and discarding the original is an accepted practice.

Photographs and negatives also are fragile and can be damaged easily if not protected. Glass-plate negatives, used extensively between 1855 and the 1920s, need special support.[7] Acid-free, four-flap enclosures that fold around the plate, covering and protecting all sides are generally used. Negatives also require special, smaller boxes for storage; these small boxes do a better job of protecting the glass negatives from being jostled, cracked, or broken than the large document-sized boxes do.

Labeling on all documents should be done in pencil on the outside of the folder or enclosure. Pen ink can run when it becomes wet and can also transfer permanent marks to documents and artifacts. Pencil does not. The labels should be easy to see when the box is opened to prevent unnecessary rifling through documents.[8] The less a document is handled, the longer it will last.

Once they have been foldered, labeled and boxed, the documents should be stored in a temperature-controlled room and off of the ground. Temperature control helps preserve the paper longer, and storage off the floor guards against water getting into the boxes and as a deterrent to pests. Following all of these guidelines helps to preserve precious documents for future historians and researchers and fulfills the purpose of the archives as a place for storing important documents.

Future researchers and historians need to be able to find the documents they are looking for quickly and easily. Archivists have developed a document called a Finding Aid that helps the researcher find the needed items. The Finding Aid is like a map for the historian. It lists all of the contents of each of the boxes in the collection and gives background information on the collection itself and how it was acquired. The concept of the Finding Aid is simple, and they are not hard to make, but they are extremely valuable for the researcher or historian.

The Finding Aid records the order of the collection, and makes it easy to use. The order the collection is in also contributes to ease of use.[9] The order is not arbitrary, but is part of the value of the collection. Order, or arrangement, must accomplish two things: preserve the evidential value of the records and make them accessible for future use.[10] The order records are generated in gives an idea of the workings of the body that created the records; therefore, arrangement can have evidential value. Keeping records grouped according to their origins is called provenance.[11] Provenance means that all the records generated by the Financial Office of a University, for example, would need to be kept together, even though it might seem better to put all the records pertaining to individual students – their financial aid, transcripts, etc. – together. To divide up the financial records would be to destroy valuable evidence of how the office worked.

Along with provenance, archivists follow the principle of original order, which means that records must be kept in the order imposed on them when they were current.[12] Take our financial office example. If the financial secretary files things chronologically rather than alphabetically, the archivist must keep that system. The original order can show relationships, time sequences, or how ideas form and become action.[13] To change the order would be to cause this valuable information to be lost.

Like most rules, however, the ideas of provenance and original order have exceptions. The first is when the records being saved are preserved “solely for their informational content” and with no need for the evidence they provide of the organization.[14] When this is the case, the archivist may impose his or her order on the collection. In the same way, when the original order of a collection is extremely poor or unknowable, the archivist may impose new order.[15] The rule is that the archivist’s order must be intelligible and make it easy for researchers to find the items they need.[16] Only then will the archives fulfill its purpose.

An archives uses a tremendous amount of resources. It requires a space for the artifacts, materials for preservation, and people to preserve and keep order. All of these needs add up to a large amount of time and money. Why should Seattle Pacific University invest its resources in an archives, when we might be using those resources for other admirable pursuits and projects?

The archives is the repository for the institution’s memory. It holds the pieces of our past from which we can build an institutional history. Without an archives, the students, professors and anyone else connected with the institution would be forgotten soon after they had graduated or moved on to another position. We would not know what the campus looked like even a few years ago without an archives. The archives acts like Seattle Pacific’s scrapbook.

Aside from this personal dimension, archives are used for a number of important purposes. As Sue McKemmish writes in Keeping Archives:

They enable informed planning and decision-making, and support continuity, consistency and effectiveness of human action. They are vehicles of communication and interaction… [they] provide evidence of rights, entitlements and obligations…Above all, they provide for continuity and accountability….”[17]

This is quite an extensive list! Archives are not just good for sentimental value, but are also helpful in day-to-day activities. They help an institution to run more smoothly by giving precedent and allowing us to learn from the mistakes of the past. These reasons are applicable to all institutions, business or university, secular or religious. Why would Seattle Pacific, as a Christian institution, want to invest in an archives?

Answering this question requires an understanding of the relationship between history and Christianity. This relationship is foundational to the Christian faith, for Christianity is based upon events that occurred in history. Arnold Toynbee, a Christian historian of the 20^th century, put the major philosophies and religions into two groups, the “historical” and the “mythical.”[18] According to Toynbee, historical religions “all owe their existence to human founders who lived in times and places that lie in the full light of history…”[19] Toynbee goes on to say that historical religions have all established churches or schools “which came to play prominent parts on the stage of history…”[20] Not surprisingly, Toynbee places Christianity squarely in the “historical” category. Christians base their faith on a person (Jesus Christ) who was involved in events (ministry, crucifixion, resurrection) that took place in a certain place and time (Palestine, First Century A.D.). Christians also belong to churches, groups that are based on the events surrounding Christ and that have affected the world around them (Crusades, Reformation, Prohibition). Christianity and history are strongly linked together. Indeed, theologian Colin Brown claims that “If our faith is of the kind that would persist regardless of evidence and regardless of historical models, it is an unanchored faith…”[21] History anchors the Christian faith and it can make that faith stronger.

It is a fundamental fact that proof will strengthen any claim. The Christian claims of a living, active God can be strengthened through the record of history. Christopher Dawson, another twentieth-century historian, writes:

For the Christian view of history is not merely a belief in the direction of history by divine providence, it is a belief in the intervention by God in the life of mankind by direct action at certain definite points in time and place.[22]

Dawson points to the Incarnation as the most fundamental of these interactions. That is, he maintains, the reason that Christians date forward and backward from the year 1; it is the most central point in human history.[23]

It would be a mistake, however, to assume that God works only through major events in human history. He is not limited to the realms of politics or economics, or indeed, even the church; on the contrary, some of God’s most powerful interactions in history (aside from the Incarnation) were with ordinary people in the middle of their ordinary lives. This is something that does not find its way into the history books. Herbert Butterfield writes:

The ordinary historian, when he comes, shall we say, to the year 1800 does not think to point out to his readers that in this year, still, as in so many previous years, thousands and thousands of priests and ministers were preaching the Gospel week in and week out, constantly reminding the farmer and the shopkeeper of charity and humility, persuading them to think for a moment about the great issues of life, and inducing them to confess their sins. Yet this was a phenomenon calculated greatly to alter the quality of life and the very texture of human history…[24]

This is a force that cannot be measured; there is no way of quantifying the changes made to history by lives God has altered. Most of the time, such changes are only apparent to historians through the study of someone’s personal papers and records – just the sorts of things found in an archives. Personal papers and records are known as primary sources, and histories could not be written without them. This is the case not only for governments and cities, but also for schools and churches.

Not only is an archives necessary for capturing the changes in lives, but it is commanded by God in the Bible. In chapter 25 of the book of Exodus, the LORD commands Moses to make a chest of wood that is a certain size and that is covered with gold. The chest is to have poles stuck in rings that are attached to the chest to help making moving easy. Hebrews 9:4 says “This ark contained the gold jar of manna, Aaron’s staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant….” All of these things are mementos of Israel’s history and of God’s work of deliverance from Egypt. The ark was made just the right size to hold them, with gold inside to preserve them, and with the poles to make for easy transport in the event of an emergency.[25] There is, therefore, a Biblical precedent for archiving.

If God wants us to remember our own past, why would SPU, a Christian University, not take care of its recorded past? The Seattle Pacific archives hold these records. By studying them, we can see the places in our history where God has intervened in the life of the institution. Like the Ark of the Covenant, the archives contain the papers and artifacts that show the role that God has played in our history. We can learn from our past mistakes and rejoice over past triumphs, but only if we maintain our collective memory by keeping the records. Without an archives, we are handicapped; we do not have a full picture. Knowing our past gives us more tools to do God’s work in the present and the future.

Charles Wallace Peterson was born in 1893, the youngest of 8 children.[26] His parents, Nils and Karen Peterson, had donated several acres of land to the new Seattle Seminary, which opened in 1891. All of the Peterson children attended school there, and today, the Petersons are considered one of Seattle Pacific’s founding families.

Charles became interested in electricity at a very young age. When he was only four, the story goes, he found some books on electricity. Intrigued by the diagrams inside, he had his older siblings read the books to him.[27] Peterson remembers that when he graduated from the Primary Department of Seattle Seminary, “President Alexander Beers put his hand on my head and said, ‘This boy has wheels in his head.’”[28] This fascination with electricity and radio led young Peterson to construct a radio transmitter and receiver. In 1905, Peterson used this set to communicate with a similar apparatus built by Seattle Seminary student T.C. Smith. It is probable that the Peterson and Smith sets were the first amateur radio stations in the city of Seattle.[29]

Peterson attended Seattle Seminary for 10 years, but when the time came for him to take chemistry and physics, the Seminary was not offering those courses.[30] Peterson transferred to Queen Anne High School to take the classes there, and graduated in 1912. Peterson then enrolled at the University of Washington. During his summer vacations, Peterson worked in his laboratory at home, experimenting with radios, taking photographs, and improving his camera. He also was employed with the Kilbourne and Clark Manufacturing Company in Seattle. They made radio parts, and Peterson did research work in their laboratory.[31] He also became one of the charter members of the Seattle Section of the Institute of Radio Engineers, organized in 1916.[32] Peterson graduated from the University of Washington with a degree in electrical engineering two years later.[33]

The year was 1918, and the United States was still fighting in World War I. Peterson joined the Army Signal Corps after graduating, and was sent to Camp Meade, Maryland, for training during the summer. However, the war ended a few months later, and Peterson was honorably discharged in November, 1918.[34]

After returning to Seattle, Peterson was hired by A. H. Cox and Company of Seattle to work on a radio station for the Alitak Packing Co, located on Kodiak Island, Alaska. While there, Peterson not only built and ran the radio station, but also constructed a water wheel that gave hydroelectric power to the complex. To keep the voltage at a constant value, he fixed the wheel to automatically turn more water when the amount of power used dropped and less when it rose. The water wheel gave free electric lights to the cannery and a general store frequented by the Aleut Indians living on the island.[35] After finishing this project, Peterson returned to Seattle and began working again for Kilbourne and Clark. He was there from 1919 to 1922 as a “Testing Laboratory Manager.”[36]

In 1922, Peterson married Hazel Alberts, and the couple moved to Greenville, Illinois, to teach at Greenville College. Hazel taught in the Preparatory Department and Charles was head of the Chemistry Department, having taken graduate chemistry courses at the University of Washington during the summer of 1922. The Petersons stayed at Greenville until 1924.[37]

In 1924, after several years of hard work, Peterson was granted a patent by the United States Patent Office for a paper speaker. He had conceived of the idea in 1922, and had worked on it during May and June of that year. In July, Peterson sent an application for a patent to the U.S. Patent Office. While he waited, he worked on improving the tone quality of the speaker and drew up plans for its manufacture.[38] After receiving the patent in April, 1924, Peterson began to offer it to manufacturers. He reached a satisfactory agreement with the Crosley Radio Corporation in November of 1924.[39] One of the clauses put into the contract was “that no work should be done on the loud speakers on Sundays.”[40] Crosley began to build and distribute the new “Musicone,” based on Peterson’s design in 1925. The Musicones were very successful; during the summer of 1925, Crosley was making more than 3,000 Musicones a day, and they were being shipped as far away as Germany and Japan.[41] Pleased by their success, Crosley began manufacturing variations on the style: the larger “Super Musicone,” the smaller but more sensitive “Dynacone,” and the “Tilt Table Musicone.” All of these used Peterson’s design, and all were successful.[42]

Peterson remained with Crosley for several years, living in Cincinnati, where the company was headquartered. In the early 1930s, his focus turned from radio speakers to photography. Taking pictures was one of Peterson’s lifelong hobbies, an interest he inherited from his father.[43] He had made his own camera parts before, back when living in Seattle, and he now tried to invent better devices for cameras. In 1936, he designed a slide camera “with many special features.”[44] He demonstrated his slide camera to the Eastman Kodak Company two years later. Kodak did not use his camera, but they did want to hire him as a full-time engineer, and Peterson joined Kodak in 1939. He was a “Senior Design Engineer,” working on all different parts of the camera.[45] Between 1939 and 1946, Peterson worked in the engineering department and from 1946 to 1959, he was involved in research and development. This last period was spent working on military projects, most of them having to do with infrared scanning. However, these projects were classified as “Top Secret” even as late as 1967.[46]

During his time at Kodak, Peterson was remembered by colleagues as “a hardworking, meticulous, well respected engineer.”[47] He also engaged in his own brand of missionary work. Peterson wrote:

The idea finally came to me that if I wrote a small book to give my fellow employees, I could include many of the wonderful words of Christ, and they would be curious enough to find out what their friend Peterson had wrote, to read it. This I did…my files are full of letters of appreciation for the booklet and Testament, and many are still keeping the copies busy by lending them to their friends.[48]

The lessons learned at Seattle Seminary so many years ago had stayed with Peterson, and his faith remained a part of his life throughout his many experiences.

In 1967, Peterson was paid a great honor by Seattle Seminary, or as it was now called, Seattle Pacific College. SPC awarded to Peterson an honorary doctorate of science. President C. Dorr Demaray’s citation spoke of his “scientific and Christian witness in our society,” and honored him for

…your unwavering enthusiasm for the causes you serve, for the warmth of your human understanding, for your unique competence in the physical sciences, for your unwavering witness for Christ among your colleagues. Above all…for your unselfish devotion to your nation, to your church, to your family, and to Christ, our Saviour and Lord.[49]

Peterson remained a friend of Seattle Pacific until his death in 1972. Two years later, his widow Hazel donated a number of his papers and radio parts to the College.

Charles W. Peterson was, without a doubt, an amazing inventor and scientist. His collection, however, was amazingly cluttered and desperately needed work. This is where I came in. My project has been to process and preserve the collection and to make a Finding Aid for future researchers (see Appendix A).

I began my task by researching Peterson himself. It is vital that an archivist know something about the origin of the collection before he or she can make decisions regarding it. To find out about Peterson’s life, I looked through the Peterson papers in the Walls Advancement Center. Much of Peterson’s history outlined in the previous section came from this research. I paid a visit to the Alumni Center and found a few more important details. I also interviewed Dr. Donald Kerlee, an emeritus professor of physics and a good friend of Peterson. Dr. Kerlee provided me with some factual information, but his most valuable contribution was the personal dimension. He strongly conveyed his admiration for Peterson, calling him “a true inventor,” and recalling how he saw marvels in all facets of Creation. [50] Dr. Kerlee made me wish that I had known Charles W. Peterson myself.

While I was researching Peterson, I began the process of preserving the items in the collection. (For a more in-depth account of the process, see Appendix B.) I started with the glass-plate negatives, putting them in the acid-free four-flap enclosures, as mentioned earlier. I retained Peterson’s original titles in my labeling, along with his original order. I kept a running list as I was refoldering, and added appropriate notes (see Appendix C). Once the negatives were finished, I began on the paper documents. These I divided first by type – papers, pamphlets, periodicals, and books – and then refoldered. There was no order to this part of the collection, so I was not breaking any rules by imposing my own order. After refoldering the paper documents, I cleaned the books and periodicals. Finally, I put tags on the radio parts.

With all of the preserving done, I began the processing. This is where I imposed order on the collection; the negatives already had an order, because by this time, they were finished. I began by sorting by type, with books and periodicals in one group and papers and pamphlets in the other. Then I sorted the papers and pamphlets by category, using subjects like “Personal Papers” and “Catalogs.” Some of the subjects were more well-defined: “Musicone Related,” “Crosley, Non-Musicone,” and “Non-Crosley Radio.” After dividing into categories, I organized again, chronologically, so all the “Personal Papers” are now in order by date. The periodicals were organized by date as well, but the books were organized according to how they fit in the box. I processed the radio artifacts by size also. But I believe that I followed the most important rule: organize in a serviceable and intelligible way.

Once I had finished the organizing, I put together the Finding Aid. It lists every negative, pamphlet, book, and radio part in the collection. Archivists call this an “Item Level Description.” Throughout the project – but for the Finding Aid especially – I was able to make use of technology. I used the Internet to chronicle my progress and a digital camera to record visuals for that chronicle. I used scanners to help present the project on the Internet. And I used a photocopier and acid-free paper to help preserve information longer. These technologies, once mastered by archivists, should be a great help in preserving the past. They helped me immensely with making Peterson’s collection last for another 50 years.

The Seattle Pacific University archives are currently in a sad state. A few boxes, totaling 85 cubic feet and 8 file cabinets, are crammed into small rooms in the Walls Advancement Center and the Library. But most of our collection – 840 cubic feet of boxes – is currently sitting in a warehouse off-campus. Many collections, like the Peterson Collection before this project, are not organized or documented. This means that historians, scholars, the university administration, and anyone else who is interested in the history of Seattle Pacific have great difficulty finding the information they need. Indeed, the stories that can be told through the archives are silenced because no one can access them. It does not matter that we have many interesting documents and artifacts in our archives if no one can retrieve them! How can the institution remedy this?

Previously, Seattle Pacific has concentrated its resources on other projects: academic policy, student life and policy, new buildings, and facility upgrades. All of these have been valid uses of resources, but it is now time for us to become concerned with our past as well as our future. The University must be willing to commit time and resources to the archives. An excellent first step would be to build a facility on the campus for the archives. Putting everything in one place and on campus would go a long way towards making the collection more accessible.

Once a facility is built, processing can begin. The Peterson Collection is small, only 10 cubic feet. It took me around 14 weeks to process it, but I am a beginner and was still learning as I went along. Also, I tended to work for only 3 to 4 hours per session, and that only twice a week. A professional archivist would work 8 hours a day, 5 days a week and would already know the techniques, so processing would be done much faster.

It will take time and money to make our archives the excellent source they can be, but they will be assets well-spent.

I have always considered history to be an interesting and worthwhile pursuit. But before this project, I did not know why, as a Christian, I should find it valuable. I believe that God works in people’s lives, but His actions are rarely recorded in history books; at least, they are not usually attributed to Him. We are much more likely to find evidence of His interactions in a biography or a personal collection. The Charles W. Peterson Collection is an example of this; I found numerous pamphlets, papers, and writings by Peterson himself attesting to his faith. Finding things like this encourages me; it means that my choice of history as a vocation is a valid Christian endeavor, because I can find evidence for God in past lives.

Were I to choose archiving as my profession, I would look especially for examples of God’s intervention and work in people’s lives in the collections that I might work with. Personal collections – groups of records made by a single person or family – would be my focus.

Brown, Colin. History and Faith: A Personal Exploration. Grand Rapids, MI: Acadmie Books, 1987.

Butterfield, Herbert. Christianity and History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950.

Dawson, Christopher. “The Christian View of History.” God, History, and Historians: Modern Christian Views of History, ed. C.T. McIntire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Demaray, C. Dorr. “Citation for Mr. Charles W. Peterson upon receiving the Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Seattle Pacific College.” 22 September, 1967, Peterson Papers, Seattle Pacific University.

Gaylord Bros. Archival Storage of Paper. Syracuse, New York: Gaylord Bros., 1997.

Gaylord Bros. Archival Storage of Photographic Materials. Syracuse, New York: Gaylord Bros., 1997.

Kenagy, Jerome. “Charles W. Peterson, D.Sc.” SPC Alumni Magazine. Autumn 1967.

Kenagy, Jerome. “Mr. Peterson’s Garden (and how it grew).” SPC Alumni Magazine. Autumn 1967.

Ling, Evelyn R. Archives in the Church or Synagogue Library. Bryn Mawr, PA: Church and Synagogue Library Association, 1981.

McCormack, Thomas to C. Dorr Demaray, 19 September 1967, Peterson Papers, Seattle Pacific University.

McKemmish, Sue. “Introducing Archives and Archival Programs.” in Keeping Archives, ed. Judith Ellis, 2^nd ed. Port Melbourne, Australia: Thorpe, 1993.

Peterson, Charles W. “History of the Invention and Development of the Peterson Loud Speaker,” 23 December, 1924, Charles W. Peterson Collection, Seattle Pacific University.

Peterson, Charles W. “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 30 August, 1967, Peterson Papers, Seattle Pacific University.

Peterson, Mattie J. “Footprints on the Sands of Time: Early History of the Nils B. Peterson Family including Seattle Seminary which became Seattle Pacific College,” 1960, Peterson Papers, Seattle Pacific University.

Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn. Preserving Archives and Manuscripts. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1993.

Schellenberg, T. R. “Archival Principles of Arrangement.” The American Archivist 24 (1961): 11-24.

Smalley, Martha Lund. An Archival Primer: A Practical Guide for Building and Maintaining an Archival Program. New Haven, CT: Yale Divinity School Library, 1994.

Toynbee, Arnold. “The Christian Understanding of History.” God, History, and Historians: Modern Christian Views of History, ed. C.T. McIntire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Walters, Tyler O. “Contemporary Archival Appraisal Methods and Preservation Decision-Making.” The American Archivist 59 (1996): 322-338.

[1] Tyler O. Walters, “Contemporary Archival Appraisal Methods and Preservation Decision-Making.” The American Archivist 59 (1996): 323.

[2] Martha Lund Smalley, An Archival Primer: A Practical Guide for Building and Maintaining an Archival Program. (New Haven: Yale Divinity Library) Appendix A.

[3] Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler, Preserving Archives and Manuscripts. (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1993) viii.

[4] Ritzenthaler, Preserving Archives and Manuscripts, viii.

[5] Gaylord Bros, Archival Storage of Paper, (Syracuse, New York: Gaylord Bros., 1997) 1.

[6] Gaylord, Archival Storage of Paper, 2.

[7] Gaylord Bros, Archival Storage of Photographic Materials, (Syracuse, New York: Gaylord Bros., 1997) 16-18.

[8] Gaylord, Archival Storage of Paper, 5.

[9] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” The American Archivist 24 (1961): 160.

[10] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 12-13.

[11] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 13.

[12] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 18.

[13] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 19.

[14] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 21.

[15] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 21.

[16] Schellenberg, “Archival Principles of Arrangement,” 23.

[17] Sue McKemmish. “Introducing Archives and Archival Programs,” in Keeping Archives, edited by Judith Ellis, 2^nd ed. (Port Melbourne, Australia: Thorpe, 1993), 8.

[18] Arnold Toynbee. “The Christian Understanding of History,” God, History, and Historians: Modern Christian Views of History, ed. C.T. McIntire. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) 177.

[19] Toynbee, “The Christian Understanding of History,” 178.

[20] Toynbee, “The Christian Understanding of History,” 178.

[21] Colin Brown. History and Faith: A Personal Exploration (Grand Rapids, MI: Acadmie Books, 1987) 76.

[22] Christopher Dawson. “The Christian View of History,” God, History, and Historians: Modern Christian Views of History, ed. C.T. McIntire. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) 31.

[23] Dawson, “The Christian View of History,” 31.

[24] Herbert Butterfield, Christianity and History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950) 131.

[25] Evelyn R. Ling. Archives in the Church or Synagogue Library (Bryn Mawr, PA: Church and Synagogue Library Association, 1981), 7.

[26] Mattie J. Peterson, “Footprints on the Sands of Time: Early History of the Nils B. Peterson Family including Seattle Seminary which became Seattle Pacific College,” Peterson Papers, 4.

[27] Jerome Kenagy, “Charles W. Peterson, D. Sc,” SPC Alumni Magazine, Autumn 1967.

[28] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” Peterson Papers, 1.

[29] John J. Reddin, “An Honored Son Comes Home,” Seattle Times, 29 Sept 1967.

[30] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 1.

[31] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 2.

[32] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 3.

[33] Kenagy, “Charles W. Peterson, D.Sc.”

[34] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 3.

[35] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 3.

[36] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 3.

[37] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 3.

[38] Charles W. Peterson, “History of the Invention and Development of the Peterson Loud Speaker,” 23 December, 1924, Charles W. Peterson Collection, Seattle Pacific University, 1.

[39] Charles W. Peterson, “History of Peterson Loud Speaker,” 7.

[40] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 4.

[41] Reddin, “An Honored Son Comes Home.”

[42] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 4.

[43] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 5.

[44] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 5.

[45] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 5.

[46] Thomas McCormack to C. Dorr Demaray, 19 September 1967, Peterson Papers

[47] McCormack to Demaray

[48] Charles W. Peterson, “Scientific History of Charles W. Peterson,” 6-7.

[49] Demaray, “Citation for Mr. Charles W. Peterson upon receiving the Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Seattle Pacific College,” 22 September, 1967, Peterson Papers, Seattle Pacific University, 5.

[50] Donald D. Kerlee, interview with author, Stanwood, Wash., 11 November 2003.